Shiva Kumar: Fiber Optic Communications, Gebunden

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

1 Electromagnetics and Optics 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Coulomb's Law and Electric Field Intensity 1

1.3 Ampere's Law and Magnetic Field Intensity 3

1.4 Faraday's Law 6

1.4.1 Meaning of Curl 7

1.4.2 Ampere's Law in Differential Form 9

1.5 Maxwell's Equations 9

1.5.1 Maxwell's Equation in a Source-Free Region 10

1.5.2 Electromagnetic Wave 10

1.5.3 Free-Space Propagation 11

1.5.4 Propagation in a Dielectric Medium 12

1.6 1-Dimensional Wave Equation 12

1.6.1 1-Dimensional Plane Wave 15

1.6.2 Complex Notation 16

1.7 Power Flow and Poynting Vector 17

1.8 3-Dimensional Wave Equation 19

1.9 Reflection and Refraction 21

1.9.1 Refraction 22

1.10 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 26

1.11 Polarization of Light 31

Exercises 31

Further Reading 34

References 34

2 Optical Fiber Transmission 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Fiber Structure 35

2.3 Ray Propagation in Fibers 36

2.3.1 Numerical Aperture 37

2.3.2 Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 39

2.3.3 Dispersion in Multi-Mode Fibers 39

2.3.4 Graded-Index Multi-Mode Fibers 42

2.4 Modes of a Step-Index Optical Fiber 44

2.4.1 Guided Modes 46

2.4.2 Mode Cutoff 51

2.4.3 Effective Index 52

2.4.4 2-Dimensional Planar Waveguide Analogy 53

2.4.5 Radiation Modes 54

2.4.6 Excitation of Guided Modes 55

2.5 Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Fibers 57

2.5.1 Power and the dBm Unit 60

2.6 Comparison between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 68

2.7 Single-Mode Fiber Design Considerations 68

2.7.1 Cutoff Wavelength 68

2.7.2 Fiber Loss 69

2.7.3 Fiber Dispersion 74

2.7.4 Dispersion Slope 76

2.7.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion 78

2.7.6 Spot Size 79

2.8 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers (DCFs) 79

2.9 Additional Examples 81

Exercises 89

Further Reading 91

References 91

3 Lasers 93

3.1 Introduction 93

3.2 Basic Concepts 93

3.3 Conditions for Laser Oscillations 101

3.4 Laser Examples 108

3.4.1 Ruby Laser 108

3.4.2 Semiconductor Lasers 108

3.5 Wave-Particle Duality 108

3.6 Laser Rate Equations 110

3.7 Review of Semiconductor Physics 113

3.7.1 The PN Junctions 118

3.7.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission at the PN Junction 120

3.7.3 Direct and Indirect Band-Gap Semiconductors 120

3.8 Semiconductor Laser Diode 124

3.8.1 Heterojunction Lasers 124

3.8.2 Radiative and Non-Radiative Recombination 126

3.8.3 Laser Rate Equations 126

3.8.4 Steady-State Solutions of Rate Equations 128

3.8.5 Distributed-Feedback Lasers 132

3.9 Additional Examples 133

Exercises 136

Further Reading 138

References 138

4 Optical Modulators and Modulation Schemes 139

4.1 Introduction 139

4.2 Line Coder 139

4.3 Pulse Shaping 139

4.4 Power Spectral Density 141

4.4.1 Polar Signals 142

4.4.2 Unipolar Signals 142

4.5 Digital Modulation Schemes 144

4.5.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 144

4.5.2 Phase-Shift Keying 144

4.5.3 Frequency-Shift Keying 145

4.5.4 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 146

4.6 Optical Modulators 149

4.6.1 Direct Modulation 149

4.6.2 External Modulators 150

4.7 Optical Realization of Modulation Schemes 158

4.7.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 158

4.7.2 Phase-Shift Keying 160

4.7.3 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 162

4.7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 163

4.8 Partial Response Signals 163

4.8.1 Alternate Mark Inversion 169

4.9 Multi-Level Signaling 172

4.9.1 M-ASK 172

4.9.2 M-PSK 174

4.9.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 178

4.10 Additional Examples 182

Exercises 185

Further Reading 186

References 187

5 Optical Receivers 189

5.1 Introduction 189

5.2 Photodetector Performance Characteristics 190

5.2.1 Quantum Efficiency 193

5.2.2 Responsivity or Photoresponse 197

5.2.3 Photodetector Design Rules 199

5.2.4 Dark Current 200

5.2.5 Speed or Response Time 201

5.2.6 Linearity 202

5.3 Common Types of Pho

Rezension

"The detailed, worked examples and first-principles derivations of key results are helpful pedagogical features. Students seeking their first exposure to this field who also wish to learn about advanced topics will find their requirements met by this book." (Optics and Photonics News, 28 August 2014)

Klappentext

Fiber-optic communication systems have advanced dramatically over the last four decades, since the era of copper cables, resulting in low-cost and high-bandwidth transmission. Fiber optics is now the backbone of the internet and long-distance telecommunication. Without it we would not enjoy the benefits of high-speed internet, or low-rate international telephone calls.

This book introduces the basic concepts of fiber-optic communication in a pedagogical way. The important mathematical results are derived by first principles rather than citing research articles. In addition, physical interpretations and real-world analogies are provided to help students grasp the fundamental concepts.

Key Features:

• Lucid explanation of key topics such as fibers, lasers, and photodetectors.
• Includes recent developments such as coherent communication and digital signal processing.
• Comprehensive treatment of fiber nonlinear transmission.
• Worked examples, exercises, and answers.
• Accompanying website with PowerPoint slides and numerical experiments in MATLAB.

Intended primarily for senior undergraduates and graduates studying fiber-optic communications, the book is also suitable as a professional resource for researchers working in the field of fiber-optic communications.