Banned in the United States and United Kingdom throughout the 1920s, Ulysses turned conventional ideas of the novel inside out with its bold new form, style and theme. Deeply rooted in the Greek myth of the hero of the Trojan War, Joyce bases his novel on Ulysses or Odysseus, who is doomed to voyage for ten years before returning home to Ithaca. Joyce had been deeply influenced by the Iliad and the Odyssey, which he had read from Charles Lamb's adaptations as a child. In fact, he considered him the epitome of the heroic ideal and constantly thought of giving the myth a new dimension in modern literature.
However, the reader must be cautioned that it is not an easy book to read. It was also burdened by a strange and complicated publication history. Joyce's original handwritten manuscript was typed by a number of less than competent typists who made a series of grammatical and spelling errors, leading to great confusion. It went through 18 different versions, each of which was full of more and more mistakes. Attempts to "correct" the text were being made as late as 2010 but the appeal of the book lies in its overall theme and in its rich symbolism.
Ulysses is divided into 18 chapters, or episodes, each one referring to a Homeric character or episode in the Greek myth. Though Joyce did not originally title the chapters, he did refer to them by such names in private letters to his friends. He also gave them obscure titles from his researches in French translations of the Homeric sagas.
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Biografie
James Joyce wurde am 2. Februar 1882 in Dublin geboren, wo er in schwierigen und ärmlichen Familienverhältnissen aufwuchs. Joyce studierte am University College von Dublin moderne Sprachen, u.a. Englisch, Französisch und Italienisch. 1902 ging er nach Paris, um ein Medizinstudium zu beginnen. Er wandte sich dort aber dem Schreiben zu und führte einen ausschweifenden Lebensstil. 1903 kehrte er nach Dublin zurück, konnte dort jedoch nicht Fuß fassen. Mit seiner Geliebten und späteren Ehefrau Nora Barnacle siedelte er 1904 auf den Kontinent über und lebte hauptsächlich in Triest. 1914 erschien Joyces erste Kurzgeschichtensammlung. Nach Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges zog er mit seiner Familie nach Zürich. 1920 zog Joyce auf Einladung seines Freundes Ezra Pound nach Paris, wo er bis zu Frankreichs Besetzung im Zweiten Weltkrieg lebte. James Joyce starb am 13. Januar 1941 in Zürich.